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Nicholas, guided by Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte, his minister of communications and finance, at once obtained a loan for China, enabling it to pay the large indemnity to Japan. On the initiative of Nicholas II, Russia, Germany, and France conducted the so-called Triple Intervention, compelling Japan to give up its territorial gains in return for an increased indemnity. The Russian government was quick to react to the Treaty of Shimonoseki. This display of Japanese power and its decisive victory over China threatened to close the door on Russia in East Asia, and it made conflict between Russia and Japan inevitable.
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Japan, with its modernized army and navy, at once won a series of striking victories against the Chinese, who, in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895), ceded to Japan the Kwantung (Liaodong) Peninsula, on which Port Arthur (now Dalian) stands, together with Formosa ( Taiwan) and the Pescadores (P’eng-hu) Islands, and agreed to pay a heavy indemnity. Its struggle with China for predominance in Korea gave rise to several crises and finally, in 1894, to war. In its foreign policy, Japan aimed first at extending its authority into Korea, a state over which China had long claimed suzerainty. Although the rulers of the Qing dynasty controlled a vast empire, China entered the latter half of the 19th century fighting a losing battle against European encroachment and weakened by internal corruption. The reforms of that era had been carried through with such dramatic speed that within a quarter of a century Japan was ready to assert itself against China. The transformation of Japan from an isolationist feudal state into a vigorous modern power had begun in 1868 with the demise of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the Meiji emperor. Qing dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them!
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